What is endometriosis: symptoms, causes and treatment

What is endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a medical condition that occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the womb (uterus) starts to grow outside of the uterus, in places like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the lining of the pelvis. These tissues still respond to hormones during the menstrual cycle, causing inflammation, pain, and sometimes the formation of scar tissue. Endometriosis can affect women and people assigned female at birth, usually between puberty and menopause, although it can affect people of different ages.

Symptoms of endometriosis

The symptoms of endometriosis vary widely from person to person. Some may experience severe and debilitating symptoms, while others might have no symptoms at all. These symptoms are not always linked to the location, amount, or type of endometriosis. Common symptoms include:

• Pelvic pain: This can range from mild discomfort to severe pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis.
  
• Painful periods: Periods that are much more painful than usual, often interfering with daily activities.
  
• Heavy menstrual bleeding: Periods that are unusually heavy, which may require more frequent changes of sanitary products.
  
• Pain during or after sex: Deep pelvic pain during or after intercourse is a common symptom.
  
• Painful bowel movements or urination: Discomfort during bowel movements or urination can occur, especially during menstruation.
  
• Difficulty getting pregnant: Some individuals with endometriosis may face challenges in conceiving, but up to 70% are able to get pregnant naturally.
  
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness is common, sometimes accompanied by one or more of the above symptoms.
  

How common is endometriosis?

Endometriosis affects about 10% of women and people assigned female at birth who are of reproductive age, typically between puberty and menopause. In the UK, this means more than 1.5 million individuals live with the condition. The impact of endometriosis can be felt for a lifetime, although symptoms may vary in severity.

Diagnosing endometriosis

Diagnosing endometriosis can be difficult, as the symptoms are often similar to other conditions, like pelvic inflammatory disease or irritable bowel syndrome. There are several methods used to diagnose endometriosis:

• Pelvic exams: A doctor might perform a physical exam to check for signs of endometriosis, such as cysts or scars behind the uterus. However, this method may not detect deeper tissue implants.
• Imaging tests: Tests like ultrasounds or MRIs can help doctors spot cysts or abnormal tissue that could indicate endometriosis.
• Laparoscopy: This is a surgical procedure where a small camera is inserted into the abdomen to directly observe and possibly biopsy the tissue to confirm endometriosis.
  

Causes and risk factors for endometriosis

The exact cause of endometriosis is not well understood, but several theories exist. These include genetic, anatomical, and environmental factors. While endometriosis can happen in anyone with a uterus, those with a family history of the condition, a history of pelvic infections, or certain other factors may have a higher risk.

Treatment for endometriosis

There is no cure for endometriosis, but several treatments can help manage symptoms. Treatment options may include pain management, hormone therapy, and surgery. It is essential to work with your healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for your specific needs.

• HRT and endometriosis: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is sometimes used, but it must be carefully managed because it can potentially stimulate the growth of endometriosis in some individuals. Discussing this with your doctor is crucial to finding the best option for you.
  

The link between endometriosis and ovarian cancer

While endometriosis is not a form of cancer, studies have shown that it can be associated with a higher risk of certain types of ovarian cancer, specifically a subtype known as endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). However, it’s important to note that this is a rare occurrence, and most people with endometriosis will not develop ovarian cancer.

Find out more aboutThe link between endometriosis and ovarian cancer risk

Endometriosis and fertility

Endometriosis can make it harder for some individuals to become pregnant, particularly if the condition affects the ovaries or fallopian tubes. However, many individuals with endometriosis can still conceive naturally, and fertility treatments are available for those who need them.

Living with endometriosis

Living with endometriosis can be challenging, but there are ways to manage symptoms and improve quality of life:

• Endometriosis Pain: Managing pain effectively is crucial. Treatment options can include medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
  
  • Types of Pain: The pain can range from dull aches to sharp, intense pain, especially during menstruation, intercourse, or bowel movements.
    
  • Managing Pain: Using pain medications like NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), applying heat, or trying physical therapies like acupuncture can help manage pain.
    
• Managing Fatigue: Many individuals with endometriosis also experience fatigue. This can be due to both the physical pain and the emotional toll of dealing with a chronic condition. Proper rest, exercise, and a balanced diet can help manage fatigue.
  
• Diet: A healthy diet that includes anti-inflammatory foods can be beneficial in managing endometriosis. Some people find relief by reducing their intake of dairy, gluten, or red meat.
  
• Exercise: Regular, low-impact exercise, such as walking or swimming, can help reduce symptoms of fatigue and improve overall wellbeing.
  
• Mental Health: Endometriosis can also take a toll on mental health. Dealing with chronic pain and infertility concerns can lead to stress, anxiety, or depression. It’s important to seek support when needed, whether through therapy, support groups, or mindfulness techniques.
  

Where you can find support for endometriosis

Support is crucial when living with endometriosis. Many people find comfort and understanding from others who are experiencing similar challenges.

• Local support groups and online communities are great places to find help, ask questions, and share experiences.
• Endometriosis UK are a great resource for information and support for endometriosis. We are both part of the Simply Health Women's Health Alliance.
  

FAQs

• Is endometriosis a disability?: Endometriosis may be considered a disability in some cases, depending on its severity and impact on daily life.
  
• Does endometriosis go away?: Endometriosis is a chronic condition, and while symptoms can improve with treatment, the condition usually doesn’t go away on its own.